Pizza Competition and the Rabbinical Court

Two Orthodox Jewish pizza parlor owners in New York City have been engaged in a legal battle over fair business practices.  The catch is that the legal battle occurs in a rabbinical court rather than a city courthouse.

The second owner opened up a new pizza parlor close to the first's parlor, and the first saw the competition as against rabbinical teachings because it threatened the first's livelihood.  The second claimed that the style of pizza was sufficiently different so that there was not direct competition, but the first disagreed.  Read the article to find how the rabbinical court ruled.

Again we see how religion can appear in seemingly unexpected places.  In this case, it is a religious court that is settling a matter of contention.  Religious courts like the rabbinical court provide a non-violent and less-expensive way to peacefully resolve disputes, and city and state courts often respect their rulings.

Selling Judaism, Religion Not Included

That's the title of this fun piece on Bloomberg.com.  There is too much to comment on about this article that it is hard to even begin.  So I will just make one comment:  this article nicely describes the fuzzy boundaries between religion and non-religion.

A Little More Church-state Separation for the Church of Norway

The Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Norway, which has been Norway's official state church, has cut one -- but not all -- ties to the state.  The national constitution now refers to it as the "national church" rather than the "state's public religion."  Yet the key change is that the state will no longer appoint clergy for the church.

However, many other church-state ties remain in place, e.g., clergy are still considered civil servants, and the state will still fund the church.  So this change is not an overly dramatic one.  The state will still have a lot of influence in the church by being its primary source of funds.  See this short article here.

Frank R. Wolf International Religious Freedom Act of 2016

On December 16, 2016, President Obama signed into law a new version of the International Religious Freedom Act from 1998.  The older law established the USCIRF, a government commission we will learn about in class, in an effort to protect religious freedom.  The interesting thing about this new version of the law is that it explicitly accords the same protection to atheists and other non-religious persons.  The new law can be found here.  An RNS article can be found here.

That the new language has been included is not surprising if you have been following trends in religion and church-state relations.  In fact, the new language reflects two larger trends that have been going on for some time in the U.S.  First, there is growing acceptance of atheists and non-religious persons more generally in the U.S.  Though still a small percentage of Americans, their numbers are growing and with lots of public attention.  Second, for some time legal rulings have used functional rather than substantive definitions of religion.  It is not a belief in god or gods that has merited legal protections but rather any sort of belief system that a person claims, even if that belief system is explicitly atheistic.

What will be interesting is to see how this change in the law is reflected in future USCIRF annual reports on religious freedom around the world.  Will future reports give increased attention to persecution of atheists?

UK Commission Rules Jediism not a Religious Charity

The Charity Commission for England and Wales officially ruled earlier this month that Jediism is not a religious charity.  The official report can be found here, and this article provides a useful summary.  The difficult path for acceptance for Jediism goes back years (see this earlier post from 2011), and this ruling gives a sense of finality to the matter... at least temporarily until more efforts are made for wider acceptance of Jediism.

The Commission is tasked with identifying which organizations be given official charity status.  Despite the headlines for some news articles, this ruling does not declare that Jediism is not a religion.  It instead ruled that the particular group that applied for recognition as a religious charity -- the Temple of the Jedi Order -- does not merit that recognition because they determined that the group was not organized for "exclusively charitable purposes for the advancement of religion and/or the promotion of moral and ethical improvement for the benefit of the public."  Those that associate themselves with this group may consider their beliefs and practices to be religion, but they will not receive the legal benefits accorded to other recognized religious groups in the U.K.

Although the origins of Jediism in the U.K. are actually tied to a joke answer given on the government census, this latest event illustrates the complexity of defining religion.  See the official report in particular.  Using case law as a guide, the Commission only considers a group to have religious status if it has a certain level of cogency, seriousness, cohesion, and importance.  The report lays out how Jediism fails to meet this standard.  At one level, the report reflects common sense that ideas taken from a fictional movie should not be given the same status as those from historical religious figures.  Yet, the argument laid out in the report makes numerous suppositions of a very subjective nature.  For example, it gives credit to a similar New Zealand ruling that Jediism is a set of interconnected ideas rather than a structured coherent religion.  Exactly where is the line drawn between set of interconnected ideas and structured coherent religion?

This story is not over.  The British Jedis will continue the fight, and if they do so long enough I suspect they will get that recognition.  It always takes new groups time and effort to achieve recognition.  The Jedis just need to stick around long enough, act sufficiently like other religious groups (have meetings, be seen in public doing good deeds, codify their teachings, etc.) in the meantime, and they will then get the recognition they want.  Will they last that long, or is their future bleak and their peak limited to a time long ago in a galaxy far, far away?

Gallup's Five Key Findings on Religion in the U.S.

Gallup recently released a summary of key findings on religion in the U.S.  Below I list the five key findings word-for-word but without explanation;  for explanation see their site here.

1. America remains largely a Christian nation, although less so than in the past.
2. The trend away from formal religion continues.
3. A majority still say religion is important in their eyes.
4. Americans continue to say that religion is losing its influence in American society.
5. Religion remains intertwined with political self-identification.

Probably No Ordination of Women in the Catholic Church

Just months ago Pope Francis said that the possibility of ordination of women in the Catholic Church should be investigated (see here).  But just yesterday he said that the issue was settled by Pope John Paul II in 1994.  According to this article:

Francis was referring to a 1994 document by Pope John Paul that closed the door on a female priesthood. The Vatican says this teaching is an infallible part of Catholic tradition. 

The reporter then pressed the pope, asking: “But forever, forever? Never, never? 

Francis responded: "If we read carefully the declaration by St. John Paul II, it is going in that direction."

Pope Francis's recent remarks were made while speaking in a somewhat informal news conference on a plane headed from Sweden to Rome, so they do not constitute a formal statement.  It was also not clear whether he has made the careful investigation that he proposed be done.  However, it does signal that he considers the matter mostly closed and so may be less likely to pursue the matter.  There is also the matter of women's roles in other forms of leadership (e.g., as deacons), but this was apparently not discussed.

Increase in Percent of Americans Raised in Inter-faith Homes

The Pew Research Center has just released the results of a study on inter-faith homes here:

[T]he number of Americans raised in interfaith homes appears to be growing. Fully one-quarter of young adults in the Millennial generation (27%) say they were raised in a religiously mixed family. Fewer Generation Xers (20%), Baby Boomers (19%) and adults from the Silent and Greatest generations (13%) say they were raised in such a household.

A number of other findings are also reported, such as those from an inter-faith home are much more likely to adopt the mother's religious affiliation than the father's.